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<td align="left" width="30%">&nbsp;</td><td align="center" width="40%" style="font-weight:bold;">HyperSQL User Guide</td><td align="right" width="30%">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="book-pref.html"><img src="../images/db/next.png" alt="Next"></a></td>
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<td valign="top" align="left" width="30%">&nbsp;</td><td align="center" width="40%">&nbsp;</td><td valign="top" align="right" width="30%">&nbsp;Preface</td>
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<div class="book" title="HyperSQL User Guide">
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<h1 class="title">
<a name="guide"></a>HyperSQL User Guide</h1>
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<h2 class="subtitle">HyperSQL Database Engine (HSQLDB) 2.2</h2>
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<div class="editor">
<h4 class="editedby">Edited by</h4>
<h3 class="editor">
<span class="orgname">The HSQL Development Group</span>
</h3>
</div>
<div class="editor">
<h4 class="editedby">Edited by</h4>
<h3 class="editor">
<span class="firstname">Blaine</span> <span class="surname">Simpson</span>
</h3>
<div class="affiliation">
<span class="orgname">The HSQL Development Group<br>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="editor">
<h4 class="editedby">Edited by</h4>
<h3 class="editor">
<span class="firstname">Fred</span> <span class="surname">Toussi</span>
</h3>
<div class="affiliation">
<span class="orgname">The HSQL Development Group<br>
</span>
</div>
</div>
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<a name="N1003A"></a>
<p>Copyright 2002-2011 The HSQL Development Group. Permission is
      granted to distribute this document without any alteration under the
      terms of the HSQLDB license. You are not allowed to distribute or
      display this document on the web in an altered form.</p>
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<p class="pubdate">2012-01-22 11:32:56-0500</p>
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<div class="toc">
<p>
<b>Table of Contents</b>
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="preface"><a href="book-pref.html">Preface</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="book-pref.html#altformats-sect">Available formats for this document</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="running-chapt.html">1. Running and Using HyperSQL</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_hsqldb_jar">The HSQLDB Jar</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_access_tools">Running Database Access Tools</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_hsqldb_db">A HyperSQL Database</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_inprocess">In-Process Access to Database Catalogs</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_server_modes">Server Modes</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_hsql_server">HyperSQL HSQL Server</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_http_server">HyperSQL HTTP Server</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_http_servlet">HyperSQL HTTP Servlet</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_connecting_db">Connecting to a Database Server</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_security">Security Considerations</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_multiple_db">Using Multiple Databases</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc-data-access">Accessing the Data</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_closing_db">Closing the Database</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="running-chapt.html#rgc_new_db">Creating a New Database</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html">2. SQL Language</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_standards">Standards Support</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_data_tables">SQL Data and Tables</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_temp_tables">Temporary Tables</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_persist_tables">Persistent Tables</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_lob_data">Lob Data</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_data_type_guide">Short Guide to Data Types</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_types_ops">Data Types and Operations</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_numeric_types">Numeric Types</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_boolean_type">Boolean Type</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_char_types">Character String Types</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_binary_types">Binary String Types</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_bit_types">Bit String Types</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_java_objects">Storage and Handling of Java Objects</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_length_precision">Type Length, Precision and Scale</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_datetime_types">Datetime types</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_interval_typs">Interval Types</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_array">Arrays</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_array_def">Array Definition</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_array_ref">Array Reference</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_array_ops">Array Operations</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_index_speed">Indexes and Query Speed</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_query_opt">Query Processing and Optimisation</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_indexes_cond">Indexes and Conditions</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_indexes_ops">Indexes and Operations</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sgc_indexes_order">Indexes and ORDER BY, OFFSET and LIMIT</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="sessions-chapt.html">3. Sessions and Transactions</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_overview">Overview</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_session_attr_vars">Session Attributes and Variables</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_session_attr">Session Attributes</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_session_vars">Session Variables</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_session_tables">Session Tables</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_tx_tx_cc">Transactions and Concurrency Control</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_tx_2pl">Two Phase Locking</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_tx_2pl_si">Two Phase Locking with Snapshot Isolation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_tx_locks_2pl">Lock Contention in 2PL</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_tx_locks_routines">Locks in SQL Routines and Triggers</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_tx_mvcc">MVCC</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_tx_choosing">Choosing the Transaction Model</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_tx_schema_change">Schema and Database Change</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_tx_access_tables">Simultaneous Access to Tables</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_viewing_sessions">Viewing Sessions</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sessions-chapt.html#snc_statements">Session and Transaction Control Statements</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html">4. Schemas and Database Objects</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_overview">Overview</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_schemas_schema_objects">Schemas and Schema Objects</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_names_references">Names and References</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_character_sets">Character Sets</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_collations">Collations</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_distinct_types">Distinct Types</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_domains_info_schema">Domains</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_number_sequence">Number Sequences</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_tables">Tables</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_views">Views</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_constraints">Constraints</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_assertions">Assertions</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_triggers">Triggers</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_routines">Routines</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_indexes">Indexes</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_schema_def_statements">Statements for Schema Definition and Manipulation</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_common_elements">Common Elements and Statements</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_renaming">Renaming Objects</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_commenting">Commenting Objects</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_schema_creation">Schema Creation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_table_creation">Table Creation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_table_manupulation">Table Manipulation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_view_creation">View Creation and Manipulation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_domain_creation">Domain Creation and Manipulation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_trigger_creation">Trigger Creation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_routine_creation">Routine Creation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_sequence_creation">Sequence Creation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_procedure_satement">SQL Procedure Statement</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_other_object_creation">Other Schema Object Creation</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_information_schema">The Information Schema</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_char_sets_info_schema">Predefined Character Sets, Collations and Domains</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_views_info_schema">Views in INFORMATION SCHEMA</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_visibility_info_schema">Visibility of Information</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_name_info_schema">Name Information</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_data_type_info_schema">Data Type Information</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_product_info_schema">Product Information</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_operations_info_schema">Operations Information</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_standard_views_info_schema">SQL Standard Views</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="texttables-chapt.html">5. Text Tables</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="texttables-chapt.html#ttc_overview">Overview</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="texttables-chapt.html#ttc_implementation">The Implementation</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="texttables-chapt.html#ttc_table_definition">Definition of Tables</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="texttables-chapt.html#ttc_scope">Scope and Reassignment</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="texttables-chapt.html#ttc_nulls">Null Values in Columns of Text Tables</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="texttables-chapt.html#ttc_configuration">Configuration</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="texttables-chapt.html#ttc_disconnect">Disconnecting Text Tables</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="texttables-chapt.html#ttc_issues">Text File Usage</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="texttables-chapt.html#ttc_global_props">Text File Global Properties</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="texttables-chapt.html#trc_transactions">Transactions</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="accesscontrol-chapt.html">6. Access Control</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="accesscontrol-chapt.html#acc_overview">Overview</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="accesscontrol-chapt.html#acc_auth_and_access_ctrl">Authorizations and Access Control</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="accesscontrol-chapt.html#acc_built_in_roles_users">Built-In Roles and Users</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="accesscontrol-chapt.html#acc_access_rights">Access Rights</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="accesscontrol-chapt.html#acc_statements">Statements for
    Authorization and Access Control</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html">7. Data Access and Change</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_overview">Overview</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_cursors_result_sets">Cursors And Result Sets</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_columns_rows">Columns and Rows</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_cursor_navigation">Navigation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_cursor_updatability">Updatability</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_cursor_sensitivity">Sensitivity</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_cursor_holdability">Holdability</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_autocommit">Autocommit</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_overview">JDBC Overview</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_parameters">JDBC Parameters</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_data_change">JDBC and Data Change Statements</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_callable_statement">JDBC Callable Statement</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_jdbc_return_values">JDBC Returned Values</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_declare_cursor">Cursor Declaration</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_syntax_elements">Syntax Elements</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_literals">Literals</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_sql_references">References, etc.</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_value_expression">Value Expression</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_sql_predicates">Predicates</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_other_syntax_elements">Other Syntax Elements</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_data_access_statements">Data Access Statements</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_sql_select_statement">Select Statement</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_table">Table</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_subquery">Subquery</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_query_specification">Query Specification</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_table_expression">Table Expression</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_table_primary">Table Primary</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_joined_table">Joined Table</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_selection">Selection</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_projection">Projection</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_computed_columns">Computed Columns</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_naming">Naming</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_grouping_operations">Grouping Operations</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_aggregation">Aggregation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_set_operations">Set Operations</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_with_clause">With Clause and Recursive Queries</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_query_expression">Query Expression</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_ordering">Ordering</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_slicing">Slicing</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_data_change_statements">Data Change Statements</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_delete_statement">Delete Statement</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_truncate_statement">Truncate Statement</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_insert_statement">Insert Statement</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_update_statement">Update Statement</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_merge_statement">Merge Statement</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dataaccess-chapt.html#dac_diagnostics_state">Diagnostics and State</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html">8. SQL-Invoked Routines</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_routine_definition">Routine Definition</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_routine_characteristics">Routine Characteristics</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_routines">SQL Language Routines (PSM)</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_advantages">Advantages and Disadvantages</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_statements">Routine Statements</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_compound">Compound Statement</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_table_vars">Table Variables</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_vars">Variables</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_cursors">Cursors</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_handlers">Handlers</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_assignment">Assignment Statement</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_select_single">Select Statement : Single Row</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_formal_parameters">Formal Parameters</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_iterated_statements">Iterated Statements</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_for_statement">Iterated FOR Statement</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_conditional">Conditional Statements</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_return_statement">Return Statement</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_control_statements">Control Statements</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_exceptions">Raising Exceptions</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_routine_polymorphism">Routine Polymorphism</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_returning_data">Returning Data From Procedures</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_recursive_routines">Recursive Routines</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_jrt_routines">Java Language Routines (SQL/JRT)</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_jrt_polymorphis">Polymorphism</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_jrt_procedures">Java Language Procedures</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_jrt_static_methods">Java Static Methods</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_jrt_legacy">Legacy Support</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_jrt_access_control">Securing Access to Classes</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_aggregate_functions">User Defined Aggregate Functions</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_aggregate_function_definition">Definition of Aggregate Functions</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_aggregate_functions">SQL PSM Aggregate Functions</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_jrt_aggregate_functions">Java Aggregate Functions</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="triggers-chapt.html">9. Triggers</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_overview">Overview</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_before_triggers">BEFORE Triggers</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_after_triggers">AFTER Triggers</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_instead_of_triggers">INSTEAD OF Triggers</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_trigger_props">Trigger Properties</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_trigger_event">Trigger Event</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_trigger_granularity">Granularity</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_trigger_action_time">Trigger Action Time</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_row_references">References to Rows</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_trigger_condition">Trigger Condition</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_trigger_action_sql">Trigger Action in SQL</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_trigger_action_java">Trigger Action in Java</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="triggers-chapt.html#trc_trigger_creation">Trigger Creation</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html">10. Built In Functions</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#bfc_overview">Overview</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#bfc_string_binary_functions">String and Binary String Functions</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#builtin_functions_numeric_sect">Numeric Functions</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#bfc_datetime_functions">Date Time and Interval Functions</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#bfc_timezone_functions">Functions to Report the Time Zone.</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#bfc_current_datetime">Functions to Report the Current Datetime</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#bfc_extract_datetime">Functions to Extract an Element of a Datetime</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#bfc_datetime_arithmetic">Functions for Datetime Arithmetic</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#bfc_datetime_format">Functions to Convert or Format a Datetime</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#bfc_array_functions">Array Functions</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#bfc_general_functions">General Functions</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#bfc_system_functions">System Functions</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="management-chapt.html">11. System Management</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_modes_tables">Mode of Operation and Tables</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_modes_operation">Mode of Operation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_table_types">Tables</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_large_objects">Large Objects</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_deploy_context">Deployment context</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_readonly_database">Readonly Databases</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_acid_persistence">ACID, Persistence and Reliability</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_acid">Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_backup">Backing Up Database Catalogs</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_online_backup">Making Online Backups</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_offline_backup">Making Offline Backups</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_listing_backup">Examining Backups</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_restoring_backup">Restoring a Backup</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_encrypted_database">Encrypted Databases</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_encrypted_create">Creating and Accessing an Encrypted Database</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_encrypted_speed">Speed Considerations</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_encrypted_security">Security Considerations</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_monitoring_operation">Monitoring Database Operations</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_external_monitoring">External Statement Level Monitoring</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_internal_monitoring">Internal Statement Level Monitoring</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_internal_event_monitoring">Internal Event Monitoring</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#N14172">Log4J and JDK logging</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_server_monitoring">Server Operation Monitoring</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_database_security">Database Security</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_security_defaults">Security Defaults</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_authentication_control">Authentication Control</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_compatibility_other">Compatibility with Other RDBMS</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_compatibility_postgres">PostgreSQL Compatibility</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_compatibility_mysql">MySQL Compatibility</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_compatibility_firebird">Firebird Compatibility</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_compatibility_derby">Apache Derby Compatibility</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_compatibility_oracle">Oracle Compatibility</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_compatibility_db2">DB2 Compatibility</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_compatibility_mssql">MS SQLServer and Sybase Compatibility</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_statements">Statements</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_system_operations">System Operations</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_database_settings">Database Settings</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_sql_settings">SQL Conformance Settings</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_cache_persistence">Cache, Persistence and Files Settings</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="management-chapt.html#mtc_authntication_settings">Authentication Settings</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="dbproperties-chapt.html">12. Properties</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#dpc_connection_url">Connection URL</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#dpc_variables_url">Variables In Connection URL</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#dpc_connection_props">Connection properties</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#dpc_db_props_url">Database Properties in Connection URL and Properties</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#dpc_sql_conformance">SQL Conformance Properties</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#dpc_db_operations">Database Operations Properties</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#dpc_db_file_mem">Database File and Memory Properties</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#dpc_crypt_props">Crypt Properties</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#dpc_system_props">System Properties</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="listeners-chapt.html">13. HyperSQL Network Listeners
    (Servers)</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_listener_types">Listeners</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_hsql_server">HyperSQL Server</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_http_server">HyperSQL HTTP Server</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_servlet">HyperSQL HTTP Servlet</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_server_props">Server and Web Server Properties</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_app_start">Starting a Server from your Application</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_remote_open">Allowing a Connection to Open or Create a Database</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_db_props_startup">Specifying Database Properties at Server Start</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_tls">TLS Encryption</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_tls_rquirements">Requirements</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_ssl_connection">Encrypting your JDBC connection</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_jsse">JSSE</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_privatekey">Making a Private-key Keystore</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_auto_server_unix">Automatic Server or WebServer startup on UNIX</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="listeners-chapt.html#lsc_acl">Network Access Control</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="unix-chapt.html">14. HyperSQL on UNIX</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="unix-chapt.html#uxc_purpose">Purpose</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="unix-chapt.html#uxc_install">Installation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="unix-chapt.html#uxc_cat_setup">Setting up Database Catalog and Listener</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="unix-chapt.html#uxc_access">Accessing your Database</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="unix-chapt.html#uxc_addl_accts">Create additional Accounts</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="unix-chapt.html#uxc_shutdown">Shutdown</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="unix-chapt.html#uxc_daemon">Running Hsqldb as a System Daemon</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="unix-chapt.html#uxc_init_script_portability">Portability of <code class="filename">hsqldb</code> init script</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="unix-chapt.html#uxc_init_script_setup">Init script Setup Procedure</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="unix-chapt.html#uxc_inittrouble">Troubleshooting the Init
      Script</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="unix-chapt.html#uxc_upgrade">Upgrading</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="chapter"><a href="deployment-chapt.html">15. Deployment Guide</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_mem_disk_use">Memory and Disk Use</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_table_mem_use">Table Memory Allocation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_result_mem_use">Result Set Memory Allocation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_temp_mem_use">Temporary Memory Use During Operations</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_cache_mem_use">Data Cache Memory Allocation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_pool_mem_use">Object Pool Memory Allocation</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_lob_mem_use">Lob Memory Usage</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_disk_space">Disk Space</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_managing_connections">Managing Database Connections</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_tweaking">Tweaking the Mode of Operation</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_app_dev_testing">Application Development and Testing</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_embedded_desktop_db">Embedded Databases in Desktop Applications</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_embedded_server_db">Embedded Databases in Server Applications</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_mixed_mode_server">Mixed Mode : Embedding a HyperSQL Server (Listener)</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_no_logging">Using HyperSQL Without Logging</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_bulk_operations">Bulk Inserts, Updates and Deletes</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_server_db">Server Databases</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_upgrade_database">Upgrading Databases</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_upgrade_via_script">Upgrading From Older
      Versions</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_script_manual_change">Manual Changes to the *.script File</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_backware_compatibility">Backward Compatibility Issues</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_dependency_applications">HyperSQL Dependency Settings for Applications</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_hsqldb_version_pull">What version to Pull</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="deployment-chapt.html#dec_hsqldb_dependency_examples">Dependency Specification Examples</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="appendix"><a href="lists-app.html">A. Lists of Keywords</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="lists-app.html#lta_standard_keywords">List of SQL Standard Keywords</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="lists-app.html#dfa_disallowed_keywords">List of SQL Keywords Disallowed as HyperSQL Identifiers</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="lists-app.html#dfa_function_keywords">Special Function Keywords</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="appendix"><a href="building-app.html">B. Building HyperSQL Jars</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#bga_overview">Purpose</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#gradle-invoke--sect">Building with Gradle</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#bga_gradle_gui">Invoking a Gradle Build Graphically</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#bga_gradle_cmd">Invoking a Gradle Build from the Command Line</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#bga_gradle_using">Using Gradle</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#building-ant-sect">Building with Ant</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#bga_ant_obtaining">Obtaining Ant</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#bga_ant_build">Building Hsqldb with Ant</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#bga_old_jdk">Building for Older JDKs</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#bga_build_ide">Building with IDE Compilers</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#bga_codeswitcher">Hsqldb CodeSwitcher</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="building-app.html#bga_build_docs">Building Documentation</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="appendix"><a href="openoffice-app.html">C. HyperSQL with OpenOffice.org</a></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="openoffice-app.html#ooa_overview">HyperSQL with OpenOffice.org</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="openoffice-app.html#ooa_database_tool">Using OpenOffice.org as a Database Tool</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="section"><a href="openoffice-app.html#ooa_db_files_convert">Converting .odb files to use with HyperSQL Server</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="appendix"><a href="filelinks-app.html">D. HyperSQL File Links</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="index"><a href="sql-ind.html">SQL Index</a></span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="index"><a href="book-ind.html">General Index</a></span>
</dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="list-of-tables">
<p>
<b>List of Tables</b>
</p>
<dl>
<dt>1. <a href="book-pref.html#altformats-tbl">Available formats of this document</a>
</dt>
<dt>10.1. <a href="builtinfunctions-chapt.html#N13C17">TO_CHAR, TO_DATE and TO_TIMESTAMP format elements</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.1. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N149AE">Memory Database URL</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.2. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N149E4">File Database URL</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.3. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14A1B">Resource Database URL</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.4. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14A4E">Server Database URL</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.5. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14AC5">User and Password</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.6. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14B06">Column Names in JDBC ResultSet</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.7. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14B3C">Creating New Database</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.8. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14B9B">Automatic Shutdown</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.9. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14BF5">Validity Check Property</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.10. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14C26">SQL Keyword Use</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.11. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14C53">Reference to Columns Names</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.12. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14C80">String Size Declaration</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.13. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14CAD">Type Enforcement in Comparison and Assignment</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.14. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14CDA">Foreign Key Triggered Data Change</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.15. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14D1D">Use of LOB for LONGVAR Types</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.16. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14D4A">Concatenation with NULL</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.17. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14D77">NULL in Multi-Column UNIQUE Constraints</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.18. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14DA4">Truncation or Rounding in Type Conversion</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.19. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14DD1">Decimal Scale of AVG Values</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.20. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14DFE">Support for NaN values</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.21. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14E2B">Sort order of NULL values</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.22. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14E58">DB2 Style Syntax</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.23. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14E84">MSSQL Style Syntax</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.24. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14EB0">MySQL Style Syntax</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.25. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14EDD">Oracle Style Syntax</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.26. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14F0A">PostgreSQL Style Syntax</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.27. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14F3A">Default Table Type</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.28. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14F6A">Transaction Control Mode</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.29. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14F97">Default Isolation Level for Sessions</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.30. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14FC4">Transaction Rollback in Deadlock</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.31. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N14FF1">Time Zone and Interval Types</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.32. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15028">Opening Database as Read Only</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.33. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15055">Opening Database Without Modifying the Files</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.34. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15082">Temporary Result Rows in Memory</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.35. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N150AF">Event Logging</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.36. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N150DC">SQL Logging</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.37. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15109">Rows Cached In Memory</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.38. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15138">Rows Cached In Memory</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.39. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15167">Size of Rows Cached in Memory</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.40. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15196">Size Scale of Disk Table Storage</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.41. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N151C3">Size Scale of LOB Storage</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.42. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N151F0">Internal Backup of Database Files</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.43. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N1521F">Use of Lock File</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.44. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N1524C">Logging Data Change Statements</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.45. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15282">Automatic Checkpoint Frequency</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.46. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N152B8">Automatic Defrag at Checkpoint</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.47. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N152E5">Logging Data Change Statements Frequency</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.48. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15312">Logging Data Change Statements Frequency</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.49. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N1533F">Use of NIO for Disk Table Storage</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.50. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N1536F">Use of NIO for Disk Table Storage</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.51. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N1539C">Recovery Log Processing</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.52. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N153C9">Default Properties for TEXT Tables</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.53. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N153FD">Forcing Garbage Collection</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.54. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N1542E">Crypt Property For LOBs</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.55. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N1545B">Cipher Key for Encrypted Database</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.56. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15488">Crypt Provider Encrypted Database</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.57. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N154B5">Cipher Specification for Encrypted Database</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.58. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N154EF">Logging Framework</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.59. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15519">Text Tables</a>
</dt>
<dt>12.60. <a href="dbproperties-chapt.html#N15543">Java Functions</a>
</dt>
<dt>13.1. <a href="listeners-chapt.html#N15603">common server and webserver properties</a>
</dt>
<dt>13.2. <a href="listeners-chapt.html#N156A0">server properties</a>
</dt>
<dt>13.3. <a href="listeners-chapt.html#N156D2">webserver properties</a>
</dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="list-of-examples">
<p>
<b>List of Examples</b>
</p>
<dl>
<dt>1.1. <a href="running-chapt.html#N1021F">Java code to connect to the local hsql Server</a>
</dt>
<dt>1.2. <a href="running-chapt.html#N10229">Java code to connect to the local http Server</a>
</dt>
<dt>1.3. <a href="running-chapt.html#N1024D">Java code to connect to the local secure SSL hsql and http
          Servers</a>
</dt>
<dt>1.4. <a href="running-chapt.html#N102F3">specifying a connection property to shutdown the database when
        the last connection is closed</a>
</dt>
<dt>1.5. <a href="running-chapt.html#N10310">specifying a connection property to disallow creating a new
        database</a>
</dt>
<dt>3.1. <a href="sessions-chapt.html#N108BE">User-defined Session Variables</a>
</dt>
<dt>3.2. <a href="sessions-chapt.html#N108D3">User-defined Temporary Session Tables</a>
</dt>
<dt>3.3. <a href="sessions-chapt.html#N109DE">Setting Transaction Characteristics</a>
</dt>
<dt>3.4. <a href="sessions-chapt.html#N10A0C">Locking Tables</a>
</dt>
<dt>3.5. <a href="sessions-chapt.html#N10A6F">Rollback</a>
</dt>
<dt>3.6. <a href="sessions-chapt.html#N10AA1">Setting Session Characteristics</a>
</dt>
<dt>3.7. <a href="sessions-chapt.html#N10AB7">Setting Session Authorization</a>
</dt>
<dt>3.8. <a href="sessions-chapt.html#N10AE4">Setting Session Time Zone</a>
</dt>
<dt>4.1. <a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#N10C47">inserting the next sequence value into a table row</a>
</dt>
<dt>4.2. <a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#N10C4E">numbering returned rows of a SELECT in sequential order</a>
</dt>
<dt>4.3. <a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#N10C5A">using the last value of a sequence</a>
</dt>
<dt>4.4. <a href="databaseobjects-chapt.html#N10CF4">Column values which satisfy a 2-column UNIQUE
        constraint</a>
</dt>
<dt>11.1. <a href="management-chapt.html#N14052">Using CACHED tables for the LOB schema</a>
</dt>
<dt>11.2. <a href="management-chapt.html#N140D4">Offline Backup Example</a>
</dt>
<dt>11.3. <a href="management-chapt.html#N140F5">Listing a Backup with DbBackup</a>
</dt>
<dt>11.4. <a href="management-chapt.html#N1410C">Restoring a Backup with DbBackup</a>
</dt>
<dt>11.5. <a href="management-chapt.html#N147BB">Finding foreign key rows with no parents after a bulk
        import</a>
</dt>
<dt>13.1. <a href="listeners-chapt.html#N157DD">Exporting certificate from the server's keystore</a>
</dt>
<dt>13.2. <a href="listeners-chapt.html#N157EF">Adding a certificate to the client keystore</a>
</dt>
<dt>13.3. <a href="listeners-chapt.html#N15803">Specifying your own trust store to a JDBC client</a>
</dt>
<dt>13.4. <a href="listeners-chapt.html#N15891">Getting a pem-style private key into a JKS keystore</a>
</dt>
<dt>13.5. <a href="listeners-chapt.html#N1591A">Validating and Testing an ACL file</a>
</dt>
<dt>14.1. <a href="unix-chapt.html#N15BE2">example sqltool.rc stanza</a>
</dt>
<dt>15.1. <a href="deployment-chapt.html#N15D44">Using CACHED tables for the LOB schema</a>
</dt>
<dt>15.2. <a href="deployment-chapt.html#N15DD0">MainInvoker Example</a>
</dt>
<dt>15.3. <a href="deployment-chapt.html#N15F68">Sample Ivy Dependency</a>
</dt>
<dt>15.4. <a href="deployment-chapt.html#N15F78">Sample Maven Dependency</a>
</dt>
<dt>15.5. <a href="deployment-chapt.html#N15F83">Sample Gradle Dependency</a>
</dt>
<dt>15.6. <a href="deployment-chapt.html#N15F9B">Sample ivy.xml loaded by Ivyxml plugin</a>
</dt>
<dt>15.7. <a href="deployment-chapt.html#N15FA0">Sample Groovy Dependency, using Grape</a>
</dt>
<dt>B.1. <a href="building-app.html#N162D5">Buiding the standard Hsqldb jar file with Ant</a>
</dt>
<dt>B.2. <a href="building-app.html#N162F5">Example source code before CodeSwitcher is run</a>
</dt>
<dt>B.3. <a href="building-app.html#N162FC">CodeSwitcher command line invocation</a>
</dt>
<dt>B.4. <a href="building-app.html#N16306">Source code after CodeSwitcher processing</a>
</dt>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
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<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" width="40%">&nbsp;</td><td align="center" width="20%">&nbsp;</td><td valign="top" align="right" width="40%">&nbsp;Preface</td>
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